![]() Grassland availability (β G= 8.00☓.09), terrain ruggedness index (β TRI= 0.73☐.34), and Sambar (prey) presence (β S= 1.06☐.51) strong positive association, whereas, stream/exposed surfaces (β SES= -0.45☐.43) had negative association with the habitat use by Dholes. The estimated probability of habitat-use ( Ψ) and detection ( p) were 0.47☐.27 and 0.24☐.05, respectively. The naïve occupancy estimate of Dholes in PNP was 0.21. A total effort of 2,520 camera-trap-nights resulted in 63 independent detections of dholes at 27 locations in PNP. Second, we modeled the habitat-use probability ( Ψ) incorporating the top-ranked model for probability of detection ( p) in the first step. First, we defined a global model for probability of habitat-use and modeled detection probability ( p) either as an intercept-only model or as a function of covariates. We estimated the parameters in two steps. We modeled the habitat-use by Dholes as a function of sampling covariates and fine-scale habitat covariates using single species single season occupancy models. We overlaid 2 x 2 km 2 grid cells (n= 126) across the study area and set up a pair of motion sensor cameras in each grid cells for 21 days. We surveyed an area of 499 km 2 of Parsa National Park (PNP) during the winter (November–January) of 2016–17 using camera-traps to determine the spatial distribution and habitat-use patterns of Dhole. Dhole Cuon alpinus is one of the top predators in Asian forests but is one of the least studied species of carnivores. ![]()
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